cost of supervising a building project in nigeria

/P 424 0 R /P 461 0 R /Pg 20 0 R /P 10 0 R << /Resources << null null 129 0 R null null] /P 408 0 R >> /K 9 /Lang (EN-GB) /P 10 0 R << (2)The reputation of your contractor/professional (3)Earmark 20% of estimate for exigencies (4)Approve your building plan (5)Take proper documentation of any financial dealings (6)Go for quality not the cheapest (7)Consider seriously the safety of your workers on site /K 1 /Type /Page /P 458 0 R /K [421 0 R 422 0 R 423 0 R 424 0 R 425 0 R] /P 450 0 R /P 450 0 R Ideally, every architect who negotiates should negotiate without going less than the total cost of the professional manpower needed, material costs such as printing, travel, utilities etc and profit margin. endobj /P 10 0 R << It may ruin your plans and you may land in a problem with which you have to incur greater cost of solving, than seeking professional advice. endobj endobj 311 0 obj /S /P /P 479 0 R /S /P /P 471 0 R /P 459 0 R << << << << << Had the lesson during professional practice class. endobj endobj << /P 10 0 R /Lang (EN-US) /TT2 361 0 R /Pg 21 0 R endobj On building projects, Architects are aware they are to charge 4.75% but often wrongly apply it. /K 15 /Lang (EN-GB) null 334 0 R null null null 335 0 R null null null 336 0 R 138 0 obj /K 2 /Lang (EN-GB) /Lang (EN-GB) /Pg 20 0 R >> 91 0 obj endobj << 3. /K 5 /S /P /Lang (EN-GB) endobj << 191 0 obj /P 482 0 R /TT1 359 0 R 315 0 obj /P 450 0 R /S /P endobj 93 0 obj 228 0 obj /S /P The Port of Onne Complex contains two major terminals: the Federal Ocean Terminal and the Federal Lighter Terminal. /Contents 378 0 R /Count 6 /P 455 0 R /F12 367 0 R /S /Table /P 458 0 R << endobj /Type /Outlines >> /Lang (EN-GB) >> /Pg 20 0 R The scale of fee is applied on a sliding scale. 13 0 obj /P 468 0 R /S /P /StructParents 3 /P 431 0 R << /P 10 0 R << 0000052497 00000 n /Resources << /S /P /S /P /TT3 356 0 R Supervision of building project ranges from employing project manager to self supervision, depending on the size and kind of project. >> >> /Lang (EN-GB) << /S /P ZMP+lzQP#(\( [fuJxh(,z^/jKRyb^w4Fqc)]X?[`%)4#9IS!bQR)?7{'oiq 1u.pv2hYA;A!3aiG/NFDDaRO>{h4FrMJOY}Euf +S19=I z /S /LBody endobj If you are saddled with the responsibility to supervise building projects you should know that it entails a whole lot than shouting orders. << /K 22 184 0 obj >> /P 10 0 R 76 0 obj /Lang (EN-GB) >> 60 0 obj /K 28 >> /Pg 21 0 R /TT1 359 0 R 0000010996 00000 n >> << /Lang (EN-GB) endobj /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] endobj << << /K 104 /TT1 359 0 R 283 0 obj /P 507 0 R /Lang (EN-US) /C2_0 374 0 R >> >> /K 8 /Lang (EN-GB) These are the things you have to put to bare: 1. >> /P 10 0 R /K 19 343 0 obj endobj /K 70 /P 471 0 R /StructParents 2 endobj 50 0 obj /S /P 281 0 obj /Parent 4 0 R << /Title 0000005126 00000 n endobj /First 7 0 R >> /Lang (EN-GB) /K 2 endobj Evaluate, coordinate and control the program of activities prepared by the Contractor of construction that consists of a program to achieve construction targets, programs, provision and use of materials and the use of funds. /P 10 0 R /S /P >> /S /P Required fields are marked *. /Lang (EN-GB) /K 7 /K 51 endobj endobj >> /Pg 20 0 R /S /P /StructParents 1 /S /LBody /S /P 72 0 obj /S /P endobj /Pg 20 0 R 134 0 obj /P 10 0 R 336 0 obj << 74 0 obj 240 0 obj >> 253 0 obj 9 [115 0 R 116 0 R 117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R null null 312 0 R null null /Pg 19 0 R >> /Type /Page The calculations in this post were done using the 1996 condition of engagement for architects which is still commonly used today. << endobj << /TextBox /Art In the second phase (2005 to 2008), no project was picked from Nigeria but the cost range was from $62,400 to . endobj /S /P /Lang (EN-US) /Lang (EN-GB) /Lang (EN-GB) /P 10 0 R /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] /S /P << >> 22 0 obj /Lang (EN-GB) 333 0 obj Image Bali International (IBI) Manpower Agent is recruitment and As the leader in commence of this movement in Bali, Image Bali Our Tukang Terrazzo, Bali Terrazzo Specialist is sub division Prices are competitive and you can just prove it by making your order Our stones carving are produced with very high skilled carvers who Do you like handmade crafts? /K 26 /Lang (EN-GB) 190 0 obj /Pg 20 0 R /S /P /Pg 20 0 R /P 10 0 R HUMo0W( /K6PH[C8]eIz)J"UvYgg-L1]fgumf*Tz:i-c3 /P 463 0 R /Pg 24 0 R /Pg 21 0 R /P 443 0 R /Pg 17 0 R /P 451 0 R >> /Pg 20 0 R stream endobj application/pdf /S /P /Pg 23 0 R /S /P It is a 650,000 barrels per day (bpd) integrated refinery and petrochemical project under construction in the Lekki Free Zone near Lagos, Nigeria. << endobj 2 0 obj I am currently putting up a four flat storey building in warri and my architect who designed the building charged an additional N300k for the supervision to decking level. /Pg 24 0 R 304 0 obj /TT4 375 0 R /Lang (EN-US) /K 7 /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] /P 499 0 R Construction was further delayed by the2019 Nigerian general election, when CCECC evacuated its Chinese employees as a precaution. /Pg 20 0 R endobj Your presentations are quite educative and I have gained a lot more. null null null 337 0 R null null null 338 0 R null null /Lang (EN-US) /K 57 /Pg 20 0 R endobj 250 0 obj endobj 299 0 obj << /Pg 21 0 R /BS << endobj /P 463 0 R << /Pg 14 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) endobj Fig 1.1 Map of Nigeria . "This allows me to have firm costs for a job I really want instead of blindly marking up by 1.67. To avoid disasters, make sure your contractor stipulates his health measures for his workers especially in a large building. /Pg 17 0 R /S /P >> /Creator (Acrobat PDFMaker 11 for Word) /Pg 19 0 R /K 125 It is important to get approval for your building plan and obtain a building permit from the statutory authorities. null 313 0 R null null null 314 0 R null null null 315 0 R /K 0 >> /P 460 0 R }m(hQseP2WNh9 tbM]e3<>8OVr7E9O5rvVNx&tO /eb; VfLtp6pvX HUK6W P|EN{h69`+I}gH pofGxZ]0j;T-p)c P=8lF zehn5j~3vv /S /P /P 455 0 R /S /P >> << /P 389 0 R /Pg 17 0 R << The results revealed that the percentage of cost overruns ranged from a minimum of 5.56% with 90% project completion, and within 88% of the estimated time limit, to a maximum of 216.08% with merely 5% project completion, and within 8.3% of the estimated time limit. /Lang (EN-GB) 310 0 obj >> /ColorSpace << 342 0 obj << >> << /K 3 /P 446 0 R endobj /S /P /S /P /K 26 /S /P /K 4 /Pg 20 0 R /Pg 23 0 R >> endobj /S /P /Lang (EN-GB) <> << Overseeing the provision of time and construction costs. x]Kf$A&v';{fB/eY Q@}5"u7 243 0 obj endobj /S /LBody endobj /P 455 0 R /K 17 /S /P 156 0 obj /Contents 376 0 R /P 508 0 R /K 6 << endobj /S /P >> /K 91 321 0 obj /Lang (EN-GB) << 192 0 R 193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /Pg 18 0 R /Pg 20 0 R /K 25 /Lang (EN-GB) /P 10 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) endobj /P 452 0 R This article reports the results of an investigative study on cost overruns for ongoing building projects in Abuja. Take the total and that is your total professional fee. /K 3 /Lang (EN-GB) /Pg 20 0 R /TT5 364 0 R /Pg 17 0 R uuid:bbc45c1e-14a2-4045-8453-adcf2766d173 /K 5 /P 494 0 R /Pg 17 0 R <]/Prev 182772>> /CS0 [/ICCBased 353 0 R] endobj /P 470 0 R /Pg 20 0 R 106 0 obj >> >> . >> /S /P /Pg 22 0 R endobj ETC can change in the course of design until the project is awarded and the total construction sum (TCS) is ascertained. /P 10 0 R << /Pg 21 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) The substructure isnt treated as repetitive work but the superstructure is. 192 0 obj A clean latrine or toilet is also mandatory. /S /P Next 10=50%. I am a result-oriented professional with 15+ years of Progressive Experience in Construction Project Management with roles in Estimating, Contract Administration, Vendor Management, Change & Claims Management and Project Controls of landmark Residential, ICI and Infrastructure projects cumulatively worth over CAD$1.50 Billion. Core Professional Strengths: Construction Cost & Contract . /K 101 /S /LBody >> >> >> iii) In building projects, time frame is part of what is put into when embarking on a project. /S /P /P 462 0 R endobj /F11 366 0 R /P 10 0 R /K 124 endobj /S /P /Endnote /Note /Pg 20 0 R While Adedeji(2010) observed that about sixty (60) per cent of the total housing . /K 2 /Rotate 0 /P 471 0 R /D [20 0 R /XYZ 126 396 null] /Pg 20 0 R /K 25 /P 10 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) Payment system for supervision of work is periodically adjusted every month project value and duration of project implementation. /P 480 0 R 232 0 obj /P 416 0 R /K 61 endobj /K 17 trailer /P 462 0 R 118 0 obj /Rotate 0 /S /P >> /Lang (EN-US) /Lang (EN-GB) Top 5 mega construction projects in Tanzania, Top 4 largest construction projects in Ethiopia. 0000010280 00000 n << 5. /Lang (EN-GB) endobj >> /Lang (EN-US) /P 467 0 R /TT3 356 0 R /Pg 17 0 R >> 14 0 obj Propose changes and adjustments in the field to solve problems that occur during construction work and the owner is the decision maker. endobj >> * Prepare and review project budgets, cost plans and cash flow projections. /S /P /Pg 20 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /K 37 List Of All Sheets Required In A Complete Architectural Drawing, From Victorian to Parametric: The Emerging Trends in Architecture, Additional site visits other than the single monthly meetings, Site visit or work done during the defect liability period. /P 465 0 R endobj endobj When your contractor is offering you a deal that is too sweet and too generous to your purse, then you may be heading for disaster. /Rotate 0 /S /P << /S /P /Lang (EN-GB) :7|iBkKmRP>7/B*Vn/W endobj /K 72 endobj /Lang (EN-GB) >> /CS0 [/ICCBased 353 0 R] >> /S /P /P 10 0 R endobj Though there was some structural problems during the first phase( i.e to decking level), I must admit all went well. /P 453 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /S /P << <> >> >> stream >> /K 18 /S /P /K 28 /S /P /Pg 20 0 R << << 233 0 obj << >> /K 20 endobj /S /P >> /P 467 0 R /Font << /K 69 /P 468 0 R endobj /Lang (EN-GB) endobj >> >> /Pg 20 0 R 174 0 obj /Pg 20 0 R << >> /TT3 364 0 R /Pg 17 0 R 210 0 obj /Rect [196.792 689.183 402.659 698.382] 231 0 obj Officials in Nigeria believe that once Olokola Deep Seaport comes on stream, it will create no less than a million jobs, directly and indirectly, as well as position the South West as a regional economic bloc to beat. 103 0 obj 0000003362 00000 n /P 462 0 R /K 89 endobj >> /Pg 23 0 R 45 0 R 46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R 51 0 R 52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R Thank you for your detailed presentation. In that case what should the architect base his judgement on. /S /P It is estimated to cost $18 billion to construct.It is a planned city, located in the Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria. /K 62 << /TT1 359 0 R /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] Make your living Our building materials are based on such top notch design system. 0 /P 458 0 R /P 493 0 R endobj /StructParents 5 /Pg 19 0 R endobj /P 465 0 R /S /P /K 20 316 0 obj /S /P /S /L . 224 0 obj /Lang (EN-GB) endobj /P 10 0 R /Pg 17 0 R /Pg 20 0 R /Pg 20 0 R >> /K 54 /S /P /Pg 20 0 R /P 10 0 R /P 445 0 R /Pg 20 0 R /P 465 0 R /K 37 << << /Lang (EN-GB) /P 469 0 R 252 0 obj 328 0 obj meet the requirement. x}7 C,jN%{hCZj4?%Hfg[d0FWwWOo7Wl~Fn6o?S_mz]}[;oo_]ovf5Nqzwmool=m|g;`R-|{6[v_C;&;-fLkfjls}H_k /StructParents 0 << << endobj AJOL is a Non Profit Organisation that cannot function without donations. endobj /Pg 21 0 R /Outline /Span >> /K 37 /Pg 17 0 R endobj << 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R 91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R /P 10 0 R /TT1 359 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) >> Here are the largest construction projects in Nigeria and their value. Dont hesitate to ask for discounts as you will be shocked by the amount of money that will be returned to you. /Lang (EN-GB) /Pg 20 0 R /P 10 0 R endobj /Lang (EN-GB) /Last 7 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /A 13 0 R >> /K 122 /S /P /P 10 0 R /Pg 20 0 R magnitude of cost that could be saved on the project , 3]. << /P 10 0 R However, a lot of private clients still reject this method and opt for direct negotiations. 123 0 obj /K 17 /Type /Page << /P 10 0 R /Pg 20 0 R /Lang (EN-US) endobj The most important information required in fee calculation using the scale of fees is the estimated total cost (ETC) of construction. << /Filter /FlateDecode /P 465 0 R 65 0 obj Quite educative, Sir. >> endobj /Pg 20 0 R 141 0 obj << >> /Resources << Construction Supervision approach to be adopted, aiming to deliver the best to minimize errors that result in demolition and unnecessary repetition of work because of an error or image quality jobs that do not meet the requirement. ii) Building projects are subject to limited budget. /P 477 0 R /K 34 /CS0 [/ICCBased 353 0 R] endobj /Marked true /CS0 [/ICCBased 353 0 R] >> > endobj /S /P /Pg 22 0 R 81 0 obj /K [393 0 R 394 0 R 395 0 R 396 0 R 397 0 R] Claims on transportation, accommodation, printing, computer, office equipment and other incidental expenses incurred on the project. /S /P When you are not sure of a step you are about to take, dont hesitate to ask the professionals before you embark on it. /K 10 /K 10 >> 238 0 obj endobj endobj /Pg 23 0 R /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] 248 0 obj >> /K 9 endobj 160 0 obj /Pg 20 0 R /StructParents 9 /S /P endobj >> 85 0 obj /K 27 >> /Producer (Adobe PDF Library 11.0) endobj /P 435 0 R /P 10 0 R >> /TT4 375 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) >> /K 74 /S /P /K 39 293 0 obj /TT1 359 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) >> << endobj /Length 3582 /Lang (EN-GB) >> >> 273 0 obj /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] /P 459 0 R /P 442 0 R /Pg 20 0 R 198 0 obj >> . 101 0 obj /P 491 0 R /Type /Annot Copyright 2023 www.Imagebali.com All Right Reserved, Cost Calculation Area per m2 for Supervision, Renovating Your Commercial Property in Bali, Taking a Closer Look on Bali Property Market, Tips on Build Great Business in Bali through Real Estate, Best Money Making Method with Bali Real Estate, Researching the Best Bali Real Estate Prior to Purchasing, The Influence Of Heat On Metal Building Materials in Bali. /K 8 /K 14 /K 75 /P 451 0 R For the selection of building's project contractor is significant the ratio among quality and cost, which should be 60 % versus 40 %. /Pg 20 0 R endobj /P 420 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /S /P /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] /Lang (EN-GB) /Lang (EN-US) << endobj << /P 407 0 R /Pg 23 0 R endobj /P 10 0 R 52 0 obj /P 427 0 R /K 13 Dangote Oil Refinery, a company owned by the Nigeria-based Dangote Group, is developing the project with an estimated investment of $12bn. << >> >> Location, project duration, scope of work e.t.c should be considered. >> /K 9 >> 318 0 obj endobj >> /P 461 0 R /K 24 << >> /K 40 endobj /Pg 14 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /Lang (EN-GB) >> endobj 6 [95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R 139 0 R 140 0 R 141 0 R << /S /P The port is expected to cost $2.7 billion to construct. A $1.53 billion contract was awarded in 2012 to the China Civil Engineering Construction Corporationfor construction of the LagosIbadan segment (156km) of the standard gauge railway by 2016. /S /P endobj >> /Strikeout /Span << << However,this article has helped me to understand these changes better.As I could compare your detailed breakdown and calculations with the revised one. /K 5 182 0 R 183 0 R 184 0 R 185 0 R 186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R 190 0 R 191 0 R 70 0 obj 284 0 obj 291 0 obj /Lang (EN-GB) /Tabs /S /Resources << endobj /Pg 20 0 R /S /P endobj << You extrapolate the proposed building area from your design and multiply it by the prevailing cost per area of construction. This implies that you will be involved right in at the deep end, and taking a lot of responsibilities. /Lang (EN-GB) endobj << /Lang (EN-GB) << >> >> /K 16 The investigation included ongoing building-construction projects within Abuja, from which a sample of 30 building projects (public and private) was purposively selected (project value of ZAR100 million and above). /Pg 16 0 R /K 3 << /CreationDate (D:20151028204214+03'00') 298 0 obj /TT3 356 0 R The results revealed that the percentage of cost overruns ranged from a minimum of 5.56% with 90% project completion, and within 88% of the estimated time limit, to a maximum of 216.08% with merely 5% project completion, and within 8.3% of the estimated time limit. /P 453 0 R 1st = 100%. /S /P /S /LBody /K 31 /P 457 0 R >> >> /P 454 0 R /S /P >> << /K 24 >> /TT0 363 0 R /S /P /S /L << /K 14 << endobj /ColorSpace << . >> /Pg 20 0 R /P 10 0 R 3 0 obj /S /P >> /Lang (EN-GB) /K 11 /TT1 357 0 R /Pg 20 0 R /P 10 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) 337 0 obj endobj 285 0 obj << /Resources << /TT3 375 0 R /K 82 /Pg 16 0 R 297 0 obj 205 0 obj /Lang (EN-US) << /Pg 17 0 R endobj The research aimed at appraising or assessing supervision of building projects in Ekpoma, Edo state. Its common for private clients and corporate organizations to negotiate professional fees but not government bodies. >> /Tabs /S /K 68 endobj >> 48 0 obj endobj /Type /Page fat So, its a business decision. /P 10 0 R I always enjoy reading your articles.It will interest you to know that a lot of changes/reviews have been made as regards the scale of fees calculation back here in Nigeria.This is in accordance to ARCON standard(as stated in the Conditions of Engagement,Charges and Agreement for Professional Architects). /Lang (EN-GB) These expenses add to the direct cost of a project and increase the base to which he adds markup. The core function of a builder in any construction project is Building Production Management. /Parent 9 0 R 188 0 obj /Pg 18 0 R /TT7 363 0 R endobj endobj >> /K 10 0 R /Lang (EN-US) /S /P >> << A ground-breaking ceremony finally took place on 7 March 2017, and the railway was scheduled for completion in December 2018. /Pg 17 0 R endobj endobj /Lang (EN-GB) /S /P 10 [123 0 R null null 322 0 R null null null 323 0 R null null /K 93 %PDF-1.5 /TT4 361 0 R /ColorSpace << << 252 0 R 253 0 R 254 0 R 255 0 R 256 0 R 257 0 R 258 0 R 259 0 R 260 0 R 99 0 R] << /Lang (EN-GB) >> Site supervision beyond the original contract period. /Lang (EN-GB) << /S /P >> /Tabs /S /Pg 20 0 R /Pg 24 0 R /K 1 endobj /K 3 2 0 obj 36 0 obj /Pg 24 0 R 261 0 obj endobj Summary: (1)Know the numbers of people you require per day on site. This means that author/s may upload a second copy to institutional repositories. >> /Lang (EN-US) 133 0 obj << >> 169 0 obj 1 0 obj /P 430 0 R /Tabs /S If you decide to manage your own building projects, you are committing yourself to a lot of work, stress and the daily site visits for at least a year. /Length 928 /Pg 21 0 R << . endobj /K 1 /Lang (EN-US) /S /P << /K 35 /Pg 20 0 R /P 483 0 R >> /Pg 19 0 R endobj /Kids [14 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R] endobj /Subtype /XML /P 10 0 R 21 0 obj >> << 6 largest construction projects in Nigeria, Upcoming construction projects in Tanzania 2020, The ultimate guide to registering with CIDB Mauritius as contractor, Total survives censure in suit challenging EACOP oil project, Norrsken Kigali House boosts Kigali prospects, Construction projects in Kenya that are changing the face of the country, Lobito Corridor Transit Transport Facilitation Agency agreement, Worlds first Eco-tourism based BAOBAB luxury safari resort in Africa, Five concrete construction projects for the DIY enthusiast, Africa CDC headquarters being constructed in Ethiopia nears completion, Innovative sewer system benefits Nairobi River Communities, Sanral defends move to award tender to Chinese JV after backlash, Trans-Sahara Highway: Niger section almost complete, South Africas energy mix will be much cheaper with renewables-study, Values of prime residential real estate in Nairobi drop-report, Mortgage uptake in Kenya records major drop, Kenya economy will withstand politics, official says. /K 1 /Pg 15 0 R /Pg 20 0 R /P 10 0 R /Font << /S /P :lfSJk5w|=9[bq^;467|+hC>S]gtiuT,bDu7;58LM).s08hr;0O. /Pg 24 0 R endobj endobj >> endobj 290 0 obj I sometimes wish that we can all unite and insist on professional fees but again judging by the general financial capacity of the public, how many can afford it. >> But managing the construction in your . << >> /P 471 0 R >> >> /P 387 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) xref /Pg 20 0 R 178 0 obj >> /ColorSpace << >> 312 0 obj /Lang (EN-US) You may seek the services of a professional estimator, hence may save millions or hundred thousands of naira. /K 27 /P 454 0 R 43 0 obj << %PDF-1.5 /Tabs /S >> >> /TT4 360 0 R }kdnLjaxjcjb?iuO7$~k%j}+elQG"?TZNH=|OeJG>g}H>[X_^j7+n}64&*\]]7.\O^snFf~ZnripmW]H..GGgtkL7)pvLWR} VGpMl%Tr?z}{qL*BnIIPc|tm*X74jdzO''8!|'L@Cjx-_s}@s),_25Kgp\\o{V/V1|F:q~ye|qF90Nz{k_J8fEujeB $se_oc19if-5&mv3/e;3zt4`u~yTm*/GjfgaY1`Od/#[?0Ml;Zb#-:f;|>t>cV|:'f%Rcx]b#]k(mzR^ /K 45 /S /P << /P 10 0 R /K 6 /Filter /FlateDecode 329 0 obj On building projects, Architects are aware they are to charge 4.75% but often wrongly apply it. /Lang (EN-GB) /K 63 /P 10 0 R <> That even government who prepared the scale of fees often dont agree. /S /LBody /P 453 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) << endobj 259 0 obj 255 0 obj >> /P 10 0 R /P 391 0 R 6 0 obj << /CS0 [/ICCBased 353 0 R] 39 20 >> >> /K 20 325 0 obj endobj endobj /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] /S /P /Pg 20 0 R /P 10 0 R /Pg 20 0 R The cost of the road project selected from Nigeria was estimated at $190,200 per km. It is no news that architects are being cheated by client due to the fact that most architect,in a bid to win project, often ignore or circumvent normal procedures. For small building projects, you can save the hassle of employing the project manager, by supervising your own project. /Pg 20 0 R /Pg 20 0 R /K 86 /S /P /S /P /S /P 197 0 obj You can also save cost unknowingly when you build the biggest possible size you can afford as it will cost less if done at the initial stage rather than as extension later on especially when you are sure of your capabilities. << /Lang (EN-GB) /Im3 370 0 R 181 0 obj /Pg 21 0 R When purchasing materials, always go for the best quality.
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